NASA has confirmed the existence of a new source of water in our solar system !!

Researchers at NASA analyzing scientific data collected by the Hubble Space Telescope have confirmed Thursday that under the frozen surface of Ganymede, one of Jupiter's moons, is an impressive ocean, Reuters informs.

According to American scientists, confirmation of this ocean of Ganymede contribute to increasing the chances of discovery of alien life forms.

The discovery also led to decipher a mystery that enveloped the largest natural satellite in the Solar System, after Galileo space probe launched by NASA, US researchers provided a number of indications that Ganymede would have a subsurface ocean to freeze. Galileo probe conducted an exploratory mission to Jupiter and its satellites from 1995 to 2003.

Scientists at NASA have revealed in a conference that had still needs a little "detective work" to be able to confirm this finding.

Like Earth, Ganymede has a core of liquid iron generates a magnetic field, but the field of Ganymede is embedded in the magnetic field of Jupiter. This detail creates a special dynamic that lead to spectacular visual phenomena - twin rings of bright auroras around the two poles of Ganymede. As Jupiter rotates, its magnetic field reverses, causing auroras on Ganymede to "swing". Scientists have measured the motion and found that it is not as broad as it should have been. Using computer models of computation, American scientists have concluded that an ocean saltwater conductor of electricity, under the surface of the moon, counteracts the magnetic attraction exerted by Jupiter.

"Jupiter is like a lighthouse, whose magnetic field reverses rotation with the headlamp. Influences aurora on Ganymede," said Joachim Saur, professor of geophysics at the University of Cologne, Germany. "The existence of that ocean, swaying auroras on Ganymede is reduced considerably," he said.

Scientists have run over 100 computer models to see whether other factors could have the same impact on auroras on Ganymede. They repeated the analyzes of data collected in the ultraviolet spectrum for seven hours of Hubble and analyzed data from both auroras.

"These additional checks give us confidence in our measurement result," said Professor Saur.

Jim Green, director of the Planetary Science Division of NASA says that this discovery is "an extraordinary".

"My colleagues have created a new approach to look inside a planetary body with a telescope," said Jim Green.

Ganymede thus joined a list that includes satellites in the solar system containing water beneath their surfaces. Wednesday, scientists announced that Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has hot water springs under bark covered with ice. Other bodies in the solar system containing water are two satellites of Jupiter - Europa and Callisto.

Scientists believe that the ocean on Ganymede has a maximum depth of 100 km, making it 10 times deeper oceans on Earth, and is hidden under a crust composed mainly of ice, which has a thickness of 150 kilometers .

"The discovery is a step forward in finding habitable celestial bodies rich in water, located in the solar system," said astronomer Heidi Hammel, a member of the University Association for Research in Astronomy, whose headquarters is in Washington.

source : http://www.mediafax.ro/

The relationship between animals and their offspring: Ten extraordinary images

Animal kingdom can often be a ruthless place, but the images below show that in some cases, the link between  parents is as close as that between people.

Scientists divide animals into two categories, depending on the way they grow chickens: R and K.

The R category generally have many children at once, and they mature quickly enough. Animals in category K, category in which they are enrolled, in fact, people born less , and they need more time to become adults. Therefore, the "fathers" of caregivers for a longer period of time. Below are ten such examples.

Source: www.wittyfeed.com

March 11, the day which is under the "sign" of natural disasters !

On 11 March took place over time, several natural hazards, the violent eruption of Etna in Sicily, in 1974, to something recent earthquake followed by tsunami in Japan.

On March 11, 2011, in Japan there was an earthquake of magnitude 9. This was followed by a devastating tsunami that razed to the ground entire towns.

Nearly 20,000 people were killed or went missing after the tsunami, a catastrophe followed by the nuclear accident in Fukushima. Abolition of the six reactors devastated by the floods will last 40 years, according to Japanese officials.

Also on March 11, but in 1974 there was a violent eruption of Etna in Sicily. It has a height of 3,340 meters, is the highest and most active volcano in Europe. Etna is also the oldest active volcano in the world, it having an activity of over 6000 years.


1513 - He was elected Pope Leo X (secular Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Duke of Florence and patron of the arts). Leo pontifical seat occupied between 1513 and 1521.

1818 - It is published novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley.

1861 - The Confederation of American States Constitution was adopted, the ten southern states who were separated from northern abolitionist. The war of secession lasted between 1861 and 1865.

1871 - The Conservative government was formed under the leadership of Lascar Catargiu, which will continue until 1976 ("conservative authoritarian government").

1908 - He died writer Edmondo De Amicis ("Cuore - Heart of a Child") (b. October 31, 1846).

1918 - Moscow became the capital of Soviet Russia.

1935 - Hermann Goering creates Lufftwafe, the airborne troops of the Third Reich.

1955 - He died Sir Alexander Fleming, English bacteriologist, discoverer of penicillin (b. August 6, 1881).

1985 - Mikhail S. Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the CPSU CC. Policy reform ("perestroika" and "glasnost") was the beginning of openness to dialogue of the USSR.

1990 - was adopted "Proclamation of Timisoara". Paragraph 8 required by law banning election for the first three consecutive legislatures, the right to candidacy of former communist leaders or security officers.

1993 - Janet Reno becomes the first female US Attorney General.

1995 - The National Council voted for signing protocol PL'93 electoral CDR, which meant out party opposition alliance.

2000 - Economic experts from Romania, Hungary and Germany signed in Debrecen, a trilateral agreement on the development of economic relations of the Romanian-Hungarian border.

2003 - The Blue Helmets of the UN Monitoring Mission for Iraq and Kuwait (MONUIK), carried out along the Iraqi border were ordered to withdraw from Headquarters.

2003 - Washington sent a diplomatic protest Pyongyang on the interception of a US spy plane on March 2 by four North Korean fighter planes in international airspace.

2003 - The International Criminal Court is established at The Hague.

2004 - Held in Madrid, a powerful terrorist attack that resulted in an impressive number of casualties: 200 people died, among them 16 with staying Romanian.

2004 - The European Parliament adopted a resolution calling on Romania to intensify efforts to prepare for accession to the Union, without which an accession in 2007 might prove impossible.

2005 - Former Nazi Corporal Paul Schaefer, Colonia Dignidad founder of the German enclave in Chile, convicted pedophile and accused of torturing prisoners during the regime of Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990), was arrested in Argentina.

2006 - A Slobodan Milosevic died, the former Yugoslav president, who was suffering from heart disease, died in his cell in prison TPI.

International Women's Day, celebrated on March 8.

International Women's Day, celebrated on March 8, was from the beginning an expression of the desire of women working to acquire certain rights, however, over time, turned into an occasion of celebration of womanhood and the fair sex, irrespective of religion and race.

Currently one day of joy for all women receiving different flowers and gifts, celebration March 8 was perceived as long a time as they were stated social and political rights of women and the progress made in regard to them.

Formed in a time of great social unrest, International Women's Day was chosen and heritage traditional protest and political activism. In the years before 1910, quite a few women in the developed industrial work. Their jobs, mostly in textiles and household services, however, were subjected to sexual discrimination and were paid more poorly than men. There were trade unions, and from there to the industrial unrest was not only a step.

1848 - takes place in Paris, in his house Balcescu, a meeting of Romanian revolutionaries, it is decided triggering revolution in the country and is drawn revolutionary program.

1917 - A Revolution in Petrograd began which led, on 15 March 1917, the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

1945 - Two days after installation Petru Groza government, on March 6, 1945, US President Roosevelt Churchill addressed through a personal and top secret telegram, which is concerned about the installation, by force of a communist government and provide treatment with anti-discrimination Romanians .... In response telegram, the US president, acknowledging mixture Kremlin leadership in appointing a communist government, stated: I think Romania is a good place for us to measure the Russians.

1945 - The Romanian Government Soviet government sent a telegram requesting reintegration Northern Transylvania to Romania, the territory was occupied Hortist as a result of the Vienna Award of 1940. In response telegram, dated 9 March 1945 IV Stalin agrees to reinstall NE Romanian administration in Transylvania. On 13 March 1945, Cluj, held official proclamation of resettlement Romanian government in this part of the country.

1946 - A helicopter was first patented for commercial use.

1968 - In Prague, Czechoslovak students declare their support for the liberalization movement known as the Prague Spring.

1982 - Soviet interplanetary automatic stations Venus-Venus-13 and 14 reach the surface of Venus.


After the Revolution of October 1917 Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Lenin to formalize International Women's Day in the Soviet Union.

Since its emergence in the socialist movement, International Women's Day has become more and more recognition from year to year, came to be celebrated in developed and developing alike.

Thus, 1975 was declared "International Year of the Woman" by the United Nations (UN). Starting this year, International Women's Day has been adopted by many governments of the countries which until then had found neither its existence.

A lot has happened over time Women's Day, one of the things it happening in Iran spectacular in 1982, when women have resorted to one of the most courageous gesture of their existence: they have set aside, all day, the veil covering their face.

Today, Women's Day, popularized more like "Mother's Day" in the communist period is a public holiday in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Madagascar, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Nepal, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Zambia. On the other hand, is celebrated without a public holiday in countries such as Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Latvia.

On this day it is customary for men to give women flowers and small gifts in their lives - wives, girlfriends, mothers, daughters and colleagues. In Romania and Bulgaria, retained habits before the fall of communism when, on March 8, Mother's Day, children were gifts mothers, grandmothers, and female teachers of teachers.

In Romania, Mother's Day was instead declared a public holiday since 2010 and is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.

Red cyclops eye - James Webb Hubble's replacement.

An eye closes, another opens. Hubble space telescope famous, enjoying his last moments. His successor is called the James Webb. Much cheaper, easier, much larger, more accurate and scheduled for a more distant orbit than any other telescopes, James Webb sentenced to perfection.

In less than 10 years, will be launched the largest space telescope ever built. Its infrared detectors should help us discover ancient cosmological events. The telescope is an optical instrument that uses light reflection phenomenon on a concave mirror being used in astronomy for observing heavenly bodies. What is the difference James Webb space telescopes of the other? To approach it and analyze it.

Giant eye.

We'll start with the "eye" or: a primary mirror of 6.5 m diameter, larger than all terrestrial telescopes. What makes it special is that it is deformable and developed, because it could not be a question of also carrying a giant diameter in a missile. The eye is composed of 18 hexagonal pieces. Another innovation is spectacular thermal protection system. Under the mirror is a "sandwich" huge, consisting of five layers made of various materials. This shield is designed to decrease the temperature to 27º C at -223º C. Once in orbit, the satellite operates solar panels and antennas. Then side shields are starting to open up piece by piece.

What could beat who will soon overturn the hierarchy? Excessive heat. Therefore, NASA researchers have designed chose to install it in the coolest place possible orbit Lagrange point, the instrument will be, always, in the shadow of the Earth. Future telescope, very different in this respect from Hubble, will almost blind in order visibility usual, but with eyes wide open the infrared wavelengths between 0.6 and 28 micrometers (one micrometer equals 0.001 mm).

Another difficulty that welcomes Webb will be that its devices will radiate heat and particularly in this spectral range. The only solution would be cool tools in a drastically. Mirror is designed to operate at temperatures of -220º C, while the detectors are cooled to about -265º C, thanks to an additional cryogenic system. This innovative procedure has not been used before. Design, assembly and testing of Webb were performed over a 10-year record time considering the allocated period of similar construction is 50 years.

James Webb will be launched by Ariane 5 rocket telesatelitului journey to the place of observation will take about three months. Webb versus predecessor Hubble, Hubble was designed in the 70s and launched in 1990. The new telescope is superior in all respects. For James Webb was spent 1.5 million euros from 2.6 million as cost Hubble; red eyed giant weighs 5.4 tons to 12 of Hubble, but is 18 meters longer than its predecessor (30 m to 12 m); also, Webb is more accurate, thanks to its mirror with a diameter of 6.5 m (3 times larger than Hubble's mirror).






And finally, the successor will go far and will be placed in orbit around half a million kilometers from Earth. The conclusion is irrevocable: Webb will bring the information for which it was created. For Hubble there are only three options if the operating system will be improved Hubble, the satellite will "live" only four or five years. A recent report by NASA remembers that, every day, Hubble lose altitude, so in 2013 will crash to Earth.

Three scenarios have been proposed by experts. First, the old telescope work will last until 2010, Hubble with new missions scheduled in 2005 and even in 2010. A more optimistic is that the All 6 gyroscopes will be replaced, and longevity telescope will increase by another 20 years . Finally, catastrophic vision: an automatic task will go to Hubble, aiming attaching a system to make it fall on Earth, under the supervision of experts.

"Hubble has brought many benefits to science and humanity, James Webb has the potential to do the same thing he" ensure NASA. Webb wants an amazing machine, capable to travel in reverse time! Mirror to sweep an almost virgin space-time images of the universe and bring it looks as 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Visions infrared fact that Webb will see where nobody has ever seen before is because its infrared spectrometers. Looking Infrared Universe means looking at the old universe. Hubble was able to detect the weak glimpses of stars born at about 900,000 years after the Big Bang.

The giant red eyes might lead back with another 400-500 million years, working with a precision of at least 100 times greater than terrestrial detectors. "I have not seen primordial galaxies. With the help of James Webb, we hope to discover these elementary structures, which were chained to give birth later massive galaxies, "said astrophysicist Trinh Xuan Thuan, from the University of Virginia. Weather for 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the Universe calm reigned. The whole matter was composed of a mass "oily", consisting only of hydrogen and helium nuclei superfierbinti light, and thus kept several hundred million years.

Then, for a reason unknown composition began to cool and matter to aggregate, forming the first stars. They were different from those of today in the Milky Way is much higher. They were burning and exploding at the same time, which allowed the Universe to be sprinkled with heavier nuclei, then recovered by new stars. In addition, it will manage the new telescope, or penetrating eye, to lift the veil that covers one of the greatest mysteries of the universe: dark matter, hitherto remained invisible? Since the first images, we are promised a fireworks ...

FACTS
Hubble's History
1962. National Academy of Sciences USA recommended building a space telescope huge size.
1977. Congress passed granting funds to the project, and construction began Hubble Space Telescope.
1985. The telescope was completed. Mirror's weighed a ton.
April 25, 1990. Astronauts on shuttle Discovery launched the Hubble Telescope orbiting Earth. Hubble photographs sent but lacking focus.
December 1993. Hubble received "glasses". Endeavour shuttle astronauts repaired the telescope and attach a camera to correct its main mirror problems. New photos were clear and brought the first information from the ends of the universe.
June 1994. NASA has released images of the Orion nebula, which confirmed the formation of planets around stars that appeared after cooling "big" hydrogen and helium.
January 1996. Hubble came to over 1,500 images of galaxies in various stages of development, some 10 billion years old.
February 1997. A second mission of service. Astronauts have deleted some instruments of the telescope and added some "beds" in order to maintain the temperature.
November 13, 1999. The fourth gyroscope gave the Hubble Telescope. Because of the inability to focus, Hubble is closed, a new mission awaiting repair.

Dawn spacecraft reached orbit dwarf planet Ceres. It is the first in history to cut the performance - VIDEO

Dawn spacecraft NASA came dwarf planet Ceres orbit. It is located about 61,000 kilometers of Ceres when he entered the gravitational field.

The team leading the mission on Earth, in Pasadena, California, received a signal from the probe has confirmed that it works properly and entered orbit.

"Since its discovery in 1801, Ceres was known as a planet, then as an asteroid, and later as a dwarf planet," said Marc Rayman, chief engineer of the mission. "Now, after a journey of 4.9 billion kilometers and 7.5 years, Dawn called Ceres <Home>," he said.

Besides visiting the first dwarf planet, spacecraft Dawn is the first that has two missions in space. In the period 2011-2012, the giant asteroid Vesta explored it, giving researchers both indispensable information about celestial body and thousands of pictures.

Ceres and Vesta are positioned in the asteroid belt located between the planets Mars and Jupiter.

"The Assassination of Jesus' new details to the well-known story.

The documentary "The Assassination of Jesus", which examines social and political conflicts that led to the execution of one of the most famous figures of history, will be broadcast on March 29, the National Geographic Channel worldwide, including in Romania.

"The Assassination of Jesus" is "a three-hour television event" based on a book by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard and produced by Scott Free Productions, the production company of renowned film and television directors and brothers Ridley and Tony Scott.

The documentary, directed by Christopher Mena, will premiere on March 29th at 21:00 and will be broadcast in 172 countries, in 45 languages, according to a press release issued Tuesday.

Leading distribution is Kelsey Grammer (known for his roles in the series "Partners", "Boss"), who plays ruthless and ambitious Herod the Great, king of Judea by the Romans called, known for killing all male infants in Bethlehem and Stephen Moyer (from "True Blood"), the role of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus.

Haaz Sleiman (in "uninvited guests / The Visitor") portrays Jesus, and Rufus Sewell ("Hercules") is Caiaphas, the high priest of Jerusalem and conspirator in the murder of Jesus.

Built around a screenplay by Walon Green, a writer whose work has been recognized by the Academy Awards and Emmy ("The Wild Buch"), and directed by Chris Mena, winner of a BAFTA ("The Passion of Ayn Rand "," Fatherland ")," The Assassination of Jesus' promises to bring a comprehensive perspective on the story of Jesus, which will intrigue both believers and atheists and people of other faiths.

The documentary begins at time of birth of Jesus, while King Herod the Great govern Judea, but was concerned about possible threats to his power. This concern pushes to order the killing of all male children under two years. Little Jesus and his family managed to escape. Viewers will be able to pass quickly over 26 years and to follow Jesus began to develop and spread his message and gathering a group of devout believers.

At the same time, new players policies, including his son Herod Antipas, the ruler appointed by the Romans and Pontius Pilate, are concerned about the growing influence of Jesus, while the Temple Hebrew religious leaders, Caiaphas and Anna, I questioned its teachings and methods.

By compote, conspiracy and influence, Jesus is finally arrested, partly due to the betrayal of one of his disciples, and crucified. He was buried in a tomb unguarded, and when his mourners returning a few days later to anoint the body, it is not. Until today, the body of Jesus of Nazareth was not found.

"The Assassination of Jesus" is produced by Scott Free Productions. For Scott Free, Ridley Scott, David W. Zucker and Mary Lisio executive producers, along with Bill O'Reilly and Teri Weinberg.

For National Geographic Channel, executive producer Charlie Parsons and Heather Moran are. Tim Pastore is NGC Chairman of the Division of programs and original productions.

A company owned by National Geographic Ventures and FOX Entertainment Group, National Geographic Channels International (NGCI) joins the National Geographic Society in its commitment to exploration, conservation and education through its six television channels: National Geographic Channel, National Geographic Channel HD Nat Geo Wild, Nat Geo Wild HD, Nat Geo Nat Geo Mundo and People.

Globally, National Geographic Channel (NGC including US, which is a partnership of NGV and Fox Cable Networks Group) is available in over 440 million homes in 171 countries and in 45 languages

About Babylonian Mythology and Gods.

Introduction

Most records of Babylonian myths date from 700 B.C., when they were transcribed in cuneiform on clay tablets and stored in the library of the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. However, the two major Babylonian epics probably originated around 2000 B.C.. The Epic of Creation justifies Marduk's rule over gods and men; and it reflects the political supremacy of Babylon in Mesopotamia, since Marduk was the chief god of that city. The Gilgamesh Epic shows the failure of man's quest to overcome death.

Generally Babylonian mythology lacks the transcendental quality of the myth of Osiris. It is more earth-bound and more materialistic. Death puts an end to the sensual pleasures of life, and the underworld of the dead is the most dismal place imaginable. The Babylonian gods themselves indulge in eroticism, feasting, and fighting. But if the values are coarser and more masculine, the Babylonians produced a literary triumph in the Gilgamesh Epic.

Major Babylonian Gods

Anu, the head of the gods, reigned in the uppermost part of heaven and had an army of stars to destroy evildoers.

Enlil, god of the hurricane and deluge, was also the source of royal power and dealt out good and evil to men.
















Ea, a god of the waters, was a benefactor to nature and men by virtue of his all-encompassing wisdom.














Marduk was a fertility god and the principal deity of Babylon. He established lordship over all the other gods by killing the malevolent and chaotic Tiamat and by creating the world out of Tiamat's body.
















Sin, the moon god, was an enemy to the wicked, shining his nightly light upon their deeds. His children were Shamash, the sun, and Ishtar, the planet Venus.







Shamash was the sun god, a dispenser of light and justice to the world, but also the god of prophecy.










Ishtar, one of the most popular Babylonian deities, was the goddess of sexuality, a potent force among beasts and men. She sanctified temple prostitution. Lustful herself, Ishtar had numerous lovers, most of whom had dreadful fates.












One of Ishtar's lovers was the harvest god Tammuz. When he died of her love Ishtar wailed bitterly. Thinking to retrieve Tammuz from the kingdom of death, Ishtar entered the seven portals to the underworld. At each portal she left one of her garments or pieces of jewelry until at last she stood naked before Ereshkigal, the queen of the dead. Ereshkigal had Ishtar imprisoned and assaulted her with sixty illnesses. During this incarceration the earth withered and became desolate, and the gods of heaven mourned. Finally Ea, the god of wisdom, took matters in hand and through his magical intervention Ishtar was released. Allowed to leave, she gathered up her garments and jewelry, accompanied by Tammuz, who was allowed to stand guard at the gates of heaven. Upon Ishtar's return the earth changed from winter to spring.

First introduced 146 years ago. Now we all learn in chemistry class. Dmitri Mendeleev table of elements.

On March 6, 1869, the chemist Dmitri Mendeleev presented to the Russian Chemical Society first periodic table of elements.

Russian chemist made public version is asemănătoarei that is used today.

Mendeleev's painting was a complete representation of the complex relationship between chemical elements, and, on the other hand, using that table, Mendeleev was able to predict both the existence of other elements even suspect to exist in his time, and properties their general. Most of his predictions were confirmed by subsequent discoveries in chemistry.

Paper presented at the Society of Chemistry called "atomic mass dependence of the properties of the elements" and proposed using mass and valence to describe items.

 Day 6 March meanings:

1475 - Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni was born painter, sculptor and Italian architect. (D. 1564).

1883 - Law for the accession to the International Convention meter, concluded in Paris on 8/20 May 1875.

1919 - Military Council interlude in Paris ("Note Vyx") submitted Hungary decision on compulsory withdrawal of Hungarian troops in Transylvania.

1897 - Entered into force law rest on Sundays and holidays. Under the law, was free only on Sunday morning and another 14 holidays per year.

1945 - Establishment of Government dr. Petru Groza (under Soviet military pressure, King Michael is forced to accept his appointment as Prime Minister Petru Groza, he formed a new government, the key ministries were held by communists).

1948 - was created International Maritime Organization (IMO) - UN specialized agency.

1989 - The spokesman for the Soviet Foreign Ministry announces waiver "Brezhnev doctrine" in relations with the countries of Eastern Europe.

1993 - was signed in Istanbul Convention on cooperation in culture, education, science and information in the Black Sea.

2000 - Olympic Games Sydney 2000. Of the 53 commemorative coins dedicated to this sport events were presented at Sydney 17, one considered the largest in Olympic history (diameter 10 cm).

2008 - Government of Iceland formally recognized the independence of Kosovo.

10 evidence of distortion of history.

It is said that history is one of the most inaccurate, easy to interpret and twisted of Sciences. And the evidence in support of such claims are more than numerous. In fact, the victory of one party is inevitably defeat another, how it is being played thread happenings, most often subjective. On the other hand, is never easy to judge a man, even in case of all the necessary data before a portrezitari goals and then, history and time shall determine how that will be seen over the centuries. But history is wrong many times, and our perception of historical figures ranging is one radical opposite to what actually happened ... Below, we present a brief list of some of the historical characters deformed substantially by what today call history ...

Saint Patrick
Legends rooted among the Irish, in particular, argue that Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland who drove all the snakes from Ireland and who christened the barbarians in this corner of the world. The reality is that St. Patrick was 100% English, born in Cambria and enslaved by Irish warriors.

After several years of servitude, Patrick was released, he returning to England, where he became a priest. Saint returned to Ireland as a missionary, converting to Christianity thousands of Irish and Scottish, among them are even being some local leaders. Worldwide, it is seen today as the patron saint of Ireland and one that brought the Irish to Christianity.

The reality is that St. Patrick is neither the only nor the only patron of Ireland that led missions Christianization in Ireland. Beside him great respect grant Irishmen holy Columba and Brigid of Kildare, holy not nothing less than St. Patrick. As banishing snakes from the island, nor can it be. In reality, never existed in Ireland, throughout history, such reptiles.

Pontius Pilate
Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect in Judea in the year 26-36 AD, is certainly one of the most reviled biblical characters, many Christians accusing him, throughout history, the enormous guilt of command sentenced to crucifixion of Jesus. It is a tributary conception perhaps religious fanaticism developed over the centuries in a Christian environment.

The Bible says, unquestionably, as Pontius Pilate in Jesus device, trying to prove his innocence them in front of the crowd that demanded his death. Pilate has argued testimony claiming that he sees nothing in actions challenging the Savior, nor any trace of treason against Romanian Hebrew or authority. Prefect even proposed as an ordinary criminal, Barabbas, be crucified to appease the blood of Jesus his accusers, but even this proposal was not accepted by them.

With such state of affairs, Pilate was undoubtedly lacking any power and consented to avoid a conflict with the local population, to give infamous execution order ...


Ulysses S Grant
The best known and most highly regarded general during the war of secession Yankee, winner against Southern armies and future President of the United States. It is said that Ulysses S. Grant was adored by the masses of voters as any other American president has ever been. Yet throughout his reputation was destroyed by the huge political scandals and high-level corruption that marked his career ephemeral political arena.

History we recognize today as the worst president in US history, an alcoholic and a notorious anti-Semite said. How much truth is, however, in these American historians information revealed only in the last years of the twentieth century.

No one denies that the mandate of President Ulysses S. Grant's proved a disaster in every respect. Historical evidence indicates, however, that Grant was never an alcoholic, but rather, an insecure man, intelligent, reserved, even shy. There is no evidence to confirm the accusations of anti-Semitism thereof. In fact, Ulysses S. Grant was one of the biggest supporters of the civil rights of American citizens, irrespective of their origin.

La Malinche
Dona Carina, or La Malinche, is one of the most mysterious figures of Mexican history. About the woman with this name today know very little, and how evidence was twisted role in history. It is clear that La Malinche was the daughter of one leader Mayan, Spanish conquistadors arrived slaves and then, translator and mistress of the famous Hernan Corte

The fact that he knew many local dialects and languages, that besides the proverbial beauty helped her become a trusted advisor and commander of the bloody Spanish. Maybe that's why many historians rushed to categorize as a traitor and an artisan millions of murders that have overshadowed the history of South America during the Spanish conquest.

There are, however, the view that Dona Marina has not forgotten anymore origins and that through the influence it had on Cortez, diminished, if possible, the wave of destruction carried out by the Spaniards. In Mexico, there are many experts and even ordinary people who see it as a savior, a true local hero owes its existence. The truth, however, was lost. Perhaps the mysterious figure of Dona Marina will remain eternally controversial and complex actions they will never be understood.

King Cnut the Great
About Cnut the Great is said to be one of the characters emblematic of the entire Middle Ages. King of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and of a part of since 1016, of England, Knut and put a decisive mark on his time. Unfortunately, as often happens, history and collective consciousness have kept in memory as a madman, so confident in his powers, that he thought he could stop the waves.

The reality is that King Knut was, indeed, a very strong leader and influential - he traveled to Rome to attend the coronation of King Conrad II and to advise staff Pontiff. Nobody knows today where it started the myth that Knut trying to demonstrate the omnipotence of his subjects who gave evidence, trying to stop the waves.

In fact, Knut argued often that no man, be he king can not be more powerful than God. Moreover, after his Christian Knut has placed the crown on a crucifix and never wore it again.

Robin Hood
Stories about the legendary outlaw and haunted forests of Yorkshire, robbing the rich and the poor sharing their possessions were very popular since the Victorian era. Yet, no matter how historians have tried to find the truth, there is no mention of a man to be worn even name ... or nickname.

Some historians believe that his real name was "robbing hood", a term which fundamentally change the problem and refers to gangs of robbers who were hiding in the woods. In fact, mentions the existence of these gangs are numerous, and the probability that they steal from the rich to help their families back home is quite high ... more credible action than to divide the spoil of unknown or they and poor.

Most likely, Robin of Loxley, name not found in the archives of the time, both in England and among the Crusaders of Richard Lionheart, is a myth, a heroic ideal of the ordinary man found in his fight with overwhelming force, but which through dedication and support of the oppressed before winning out. A beautiful story but still ...


Oliver Cromwell
In a survey conducted in 2002 by journalists from the BBC, Oliver Cromwell was voted by British citizens as one of the top 10 historical figures of all time. It is obvious today that Oliver Cromwell is a highly acclaimed figure in this country. Still, the general opinion is far from the real image of the man who was Cromwell ...

We can say, without reservation, that Oliver Cromwell was a tyrant, from all points of view. After he accused the king dissolved Parliament, Cromwell did, in turn, exactly the same thing. He then accuses lawmakers, as king, that are corrupt ... consequently has created its own Board - The Council of Saints. Moreover, in Ireland, Cromwell is seen as a real butcher, after taking extremely bloody campaign against the local population, especially against Catholics, actions which today are considered as acts of genocide.

A legend says that on the night of his death, in 1658, England was ravaged by a storm, a sign for some of the people that the devil has come to take the soul of the tyrant Cromwell. An epitaph difficult to digest for those who today is a national hero ....



Colonel George Armstrong Custer
Case Colonel Custer, defeated the great Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), is a little different, so long as, for decades, its image is presented as it was actually true. For a long time, Custer was considered a national hero (many still consider it more so), forced to fight for a cause that was not his, that of the Native American Sioux warrior elite exterminate and chayenne.

It was said in ancient American history textbooks that Custer had just written a touching letter to Congress, in advocating for helping Native Americans. Facing the refusal of the authorities, the same Colonel Custer throw in a fight without odds and chooses to sacrifice himself.

The truth is, however, quite different. George Armstrong Custer showed an almost morbid hatred towards Native Americans, which is apparent even in his own letters. In one of these, he mentioned his wife as she only fun he has in vast Amerindian lands is to shoot Native Americans.

Custer did not intend to make any personal sacrifice anymore, much less to advocate for Native Americans. Historical sources indicate that it has entered into battle arrogant despite his spies guides and advice, decided to annihilate once and for all Indian elite warriors. Only because of this infatuation, Custer and absolutely all the soldiers whom he had subordinates were massacred by Sioux warriors, Arapaho and Cheyenne.


Vlad Tepes -(dracula)
It is a reality that many of us probably know that the Vlad Tepes is seen as a national hero by the Romans only. The concept is generally accepted among strangers grounded by Irishman Bram Stoker's fictional character, immortal vampire Count Dracula. In reality, Vlad was prince, not count. And that would be just a mistake that grouts are generally Westerners.

Although it is associated with Transylvania, the truth is that only Tepes was born there, specifically in Sighisoara. Any history book shows that Vlad led the Wallachian, but what details matter when Dracula is a character with a high intake of both public and that for over a century?

Returning to false conceptions about Wallachian rulers, it must be said that most Westerners see in it a symbol of evil, a true servant of the devil, ready to kill anyone in order to appease the blood. Another glaring mistake, as long as Vlad Tepes was a hero of Christianity and one of the orthodox faith against Islam.

And in terms of story that appears as a tyrant who enjoy the thousands of victims pulled Tepe, it is again an exaggeration of his contemporaries, an exaggeration which, unfortunately, has throughout history as a true story. The truth is, in the period in which he lived Vlad the Impaler was a punishment highly prevalent in northern Africa and into northern Europe. If we look only atrocities committed by Ivan the Terrible in Russian or Western principles in their home countries, Vlad Tepes would seem a veritable saint.

Richard the Lionheart

Few crowned heads of Europe's medieval history have managed to establish itself in the memory of his contemporaries, and those that followed in a more emphatic than I did Richard Plantagenet, known by the nickname of Richard the Lionheart. Richard is regarded today as one of the most important kings of England and also one of the national heroes of this country. The reality?

Richard was rather contemporary historians believe, a real catastrophe for England. In fact, the 10-year reign (1189-1199), Richard Plantagenet not spent in England than six months, leaving the administration in the care of his intimates and choosing, instead, to listen to their vocation, that of a warrior. Richard refused even to learn English, they could barely tie a few words, choosing, instead, to speak French, the language of his ancestors Normans and more, to spend most of their time in France.

Eternal wars they undertook were so much exhausted treasury country that taxes imposed on all his subjects had become overwhelming. In addition, Richard has chosen to release all prisoners who could pay even redeem and sell important functions of the kingdom by anyone afford to pay a considerable sum. It remains memorable phrase uttered by the King of England, in one of his short visit to the country: "I sell and London, if there was not a single buyer."


Perhaps the phrase that best describe the life and works of Richard the Lionheart as Sir Steven Runciman English history: "Richard was a bad son, a husband and a king worse and worse. It was, instead a splendid soldier. "

Monster of Gevaudan was real !

Creatures scary, demonic, whose simple name is able to arouse horror myths are found in most of the world. Yet, what happened in eighteenth-century France is not a myth. More than a hundred victims, mostly women and children, are proof that 'Beast of Gevaudan' existed in reality.

It all started in June 1764, close to Langogne, a small village in the former French region Gevaudan, Lozere department today, when the first of what would be a long series of attacks take place in the forest Mercoire. The victim, a young woman in shock declare an animal unknown, like a wolf, but much larger, while attacking their cattle grazed nearby. She miraculously escaped with his life thanks to a bull who managed to escape the scary creature. The story it was going to shock the villagers and in no time you travel round France. In its statements, the beast that attacked seemed kind of monster with a huge head, ears like horns, a tail and claws huge lion little as three human hands. Animal move in jumps of several meters, as confirmed by traces at the battle, and terrible noises.

Although at first there were skeptics who do not give credence younger words, the coming months will bring the village Langogne a wave of terror that leaves nothing of any doubt. Beast of Gevaudan, as it was called, exist in reality. The victims, most of them women and children, were beginning to be discovered increasingly often. Their bodies were decapitated and partially devoured. The few people who had escaped with his life after the attacks had lapsed into insanity and not reporting the same events.

Panic will include surrounding villages and people started to talk about werewolves, dragons or even the devil. It seems that it is not a single animal but with so many more as unexplained killings took place simultaneously in places considerable distance from each other. The weapons seemed to have no effect on the monster, as they had to declare two hunters who had had on him only a few steps. The beast collapsed because a few moments later to get up and lose in padure.Urmele blood after they had made people believe that this was seriously injured and he had to lose their lives in the coming days. To their horror, however, many people had to be killed just days after the incident.

Locals unite into one of the largest ever conducted hunting expeditions. Led by a certain Captain Duhamel and 57 of its soldiers, the villagers who could carry a gun will go in search of the beast. This will prove untraceable but even if people, in desperation, had come to dress in dresses so you can cheat. The hunt would last for a month, during which hunters from all over France joined intrepid expeditions, but without any success. Hundreds of wolves had been killed, but none of them seemed to be mysterious killer.

Only a few days after the end of the hunt, the attacks had to restart with unspeakable ferocity. People discovered with horror even three victims in one day. The death of two children would be drop to fill the cup. Himself King Louis XV would personally call him Jean-Charles d'Enneval, the most famous hunter of wolves in Normandy, leading an expedition to capture the monster. Jean Charles, accompanied by his brother Jean Francois, will spend several months hunting Gevaudan no less than 1,200 wolves. None of them, however, was not looking at. Meanwhile, attacks continued to do and more victims.

King will make another attempt, it demitandu D'Enneval and appointing him instead Francois Antoine, Royal Gunsmiths and head hunters in France. On September 20, 1765, Francois personally have to break a giant sized wolf you will IMPA and will send it to Versailles. The animal was about two feet long, 80 inches tall and about 65 pounds. Considering that killed the beast that terrorized the region for over a year, head hunters will return to Paris, where it will be received as a hero. King would reward him with Antoine Francois huge sum of money at the same time prohibiting longer talk about the monster ucigas.Lunile to come will bring relative quiet. Authorities no notes and no beast attacks the victim is no longer registered. But reality was different. The attacks continued despite royal decree not to mention the Beast of Gevaudan about, more crimes come to the ears of Louis XV.

Two years later, on 19 June 1767 it had to end as mysteriously as begun. A local hunter Jean Chastel, had to kill the beast in a way that will give rise to much speculation. During a new hunting, eyewitness reports as Chastel, approaching an unusually calm such a situation, he sat under a tree where he began reading the Bible. Almost immediately, the beast appeared only a few feet away but without drawing any sign of threat. Chastel would have finished the prayer and then would have raised the gun a few silver bullets were prepared specifically for this occasion. It took only two shots for everything to end. Beast gone.

It would be stuffed and walk all Gevaudan region so that people can see. Although no one has made any sketch, it appeared that the beast was a wolf huge size, higher than in 1765. killed by Francois Antoine Louis XV Chasel summon the monster Versailles to present the entire court, but such methods had been stuffed some primitive hunter may not offer king than a rotting corpse. Disgusted, the monarch will require immediate burial beast while on Chasel cast him in the palace without giving any reward.

Only a week after the first animal hunting, another giant wolf, this time a female, will be killed by Jean Teri, a local hunter. It seems that this pair was the monster. With the death of the two beasts, no other attack was not reported.
Theories about the nature of the beast of Gevaudan


Most experts believe that the monster who terrorized France in the eighteenth century was a giant wolf. However, they can not explain atypical behavior of the creature who seems to prefer to attack people rather than cattle. We know that wolves are animals generally avoid contact with humans and attack not only extremely rarely. Moreover, how to kill the beast has nothing in common with the way he breaks wolves prey.

Instead, the theory that the monster was actually a hyena escaped from some menagerie seems to fit better on their profile. Indeed, it is known that hyenas can achieve impressive stature, and how that attack people, especially in the facial looks similar to the beast. Instead, they can not perform jumps, the more some few meters, which seems to contradict the statements of eyewitnesses. Also, there was no evidence as to any wild animal would be able to escape from a menagerie of time.

Another theory is that of a trained animal, most likely a giant-sized dog fight. The idea took shape a beast trained since 1765 when several people have reported that the monster would have been in the company of a man. The way they behaved beast in his presence Chastel ii justified many to believe that he was the one who had everything to.

It is believed that the Beast of Gevaudan was a lion of the Atlas Mountains, the largest species of lion extinct in the early twentieth century. The theory seems to be but only one that you folklore, is hard to believe that people could not recognize such an animal, even if it does not exist in Europe for thousands of years.

Ten bizarre sexual rituals around the world.

In contemporary society, gender is not much a taboo, and virginity is not preserved until marriage. At least that happens in the modern world, but there are isolated communities and tribes bizarre sexual rituals today are hundreds of years old.

Ten of the most bizarre sex rituals around the world discover them below.

1. To prevent sex before marriage, members of several tribes in East Africa, cos young lips and leaves only a small opening for urine and they can remove blood during menstruation.

2. In Ghana, a tribe requires widows to cleanse the spirit by spending a night with a stranger.

3. In South Africa there is a polygamous society considers taboo sexual relations during the day. Its members avoid, however, have sex during storms, or having had a nightmare.

4. northeastern Siberia there is a community that you can ask daughters to a special type of leather pants to protect their virginity until marriage.

5. A bizarre religious practice appeared in India, Babylon, Arabia, Africa and Greece since the 5th century BC Some women dedicated themselves gods and goddesses of fertility. These sex with priests or those who came to worship these deities. It happens even in temples.

6. In some communities it is customary Nepalese brothers marry the same wife, thus being forced to divide the land. The wife must have but a well thought and spend time with each of the brothers to avoid any outbursts of jealousy.

7. A tribe in Papua New Guinea used to leave their children to start their sexual life from a very early age. The girls started to have sex for 6-8 years, while the boys waited until 10-12 years. Although sex before marriage was not a problem before the tribe, however, was forbidden for young people to share a meal before they become husband and wife.

8. In a community of Mangaia, a small island in the South Pacific, the boys begin their sexual life of 13 years. They have sex with older women that teaches how to last longer during sex and how to please young.

9. A tribe in Cambodia built special shelters for girls when they become adolescents. Different guys spend their nights with them until they find the pair. Divorce is illegal.

10. In a community in Brazil, males compete among themselves to convince women to have sexual relations by giving them gifts and fish

A British archaeologist claims to have found the house where Jesus grew

A British archaeologist says he has found, based on an ancient text, written in the year 670 AD, the house where Jesus spent his early life, reports dailymail.co.uk.

A modest stone and mortar structure, located in the middle of the slope of a hill, it could be the house where Jesus spent his early life. According to a British archaeologist, the house dates from the first century CE and was discovered on a text which speaks ancient building in Nazareth where the Virgin Mary and Joseph raised him Jesus.

Professor Ken Dark says that text - "The Locis Sanctis" - written in 670 en Adomnan Irish monk, says that Jesus grew up in a house located between two graves and near a church.

This text, which is based on reports made during a pilgrimage to Nazareth Arculf Franciscan bishop, speaks of a church "in which once was the home where Jesus was raised in his first years of life."

In the Byzantine period and again in the twelfth century, the Crusades, the ruins of the house were incorporated into the structure of a church - suggesting that the housing is of great importance and should be protected, says one British archaeologist, Professor Reading University.

The house was located in the middle of a limestone hill slope, have more room and a wooden staircase. One of the original entrance doors survived until today, as a portion of the limestone pavement in the main room.

In his article published in Biblical Archaeological Review, Professor Ken Dark says that although has no concrete proof, "there is no reason" that makes him believe that the structure was not Jesus' house.

British researcher studied the ruins, located in the north of Israel, in 2006.

The house was discovered by chance by a group of nuns from an ancient monastery in the 1880s importance of the discovery was immediately recognized, and the authorities were ordered to carry out excavations. Jesuit priest Henri Senes conducted a new series of excavations in 1936.

Since 2006, coordinated by Professor Ken Dark archaeologists discovered fragments into the area of ​​cookware, a time and limestone artifacts.


Objects made of limestone suggests that in that house lived a Hebrew family, as Jews believed that limestone can not be impure.

British teacher, specialist in Christian archeology century CE, says the building, which he believed to be the house where Jesus grew corresponds notes made by monk Adomnan.

The house is located below the monastery Sisters of Nazareth, which is across from the Church of the Annunciation.

Text written by the monk Adomnan describes two Church of Nazareth, and one of them is even Annunciation Church.

"The other (church, no) was nearby and was built next to a cave that held the remains of a fountain
and two graves," said British archaeologist.


Monastery of the Sisters of Nazareth fits that description, because archaeologists have found evidence confirming the presence into the area of ​​a Byzantine church, which had a fountain and two tombs in the crypt of his principal.

In 2009, archaeologists from the Antiquities Authority found another house in the first century CE nearby, which is believed to have lived a family of Hebrew. However, they argued that only Jesus could reside in that site, they may not certify this hypothesis.