Ancient Rome Supercity 3D view.

Ancient Rome 

 

Territories of the Roman civilization from 510 BC to 480 AD:

  Roman Republic

  Roman Empire

  Western Roman Empire

  Eastern Roman Empire

 

 

Ancient Rome was a thriving civilization that began growing on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient worldwith an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi) during its height between the first and second centuries AD.
In its approximately twelve centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to an aristocratic republic to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate Southern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, parts of Northern Europe, and parts of Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant throughout the Mediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the ancient world. It is often grouped into "Classical Antiquity" together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world.

The Romans are still remembered today, including names such as Julius Caesar, Cicero, Augustus, etc. Ancient Roman society contributed greatly to government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language, society and more in the Western world. A civilization highly developed for its time, Rome professionalized and greatly expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republicssuch as the United States and France. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.
By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond: its domain extended from the Atlantic to Judaea and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa. The Roman Empire emerged under the leadership of Augustus Caesar. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak. Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a common ritual for a new emperor's rise.
Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the western part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of universal history from the pre-mediaeval "Dark Ages" of Europe.

The Eastern Roman Empire survived this crisis and was governed from Constantinople after the division of the Empire. It comprised Greece, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt. Despite the later loss of Syria and Egypt to the Arab-Islamic Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire continued for another millennium, until its remnants were finally annexed by the emerging Turkish Ottoman Empire. This eastern, Christian, medieval stage of the Empire is usually called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Restore the Catholic Church Inquisition

Congregation of the Doctrine pro Fidei (CDF), it is the actual name of the organization once known as the Supreme Congregation of the Universal Inquisition. In short ... Inquisition. Even more blamatelor echoes inquisitorial processes still thrive today, the Catholic Church considered as a revival of the organization is imperative.

The controversial decision comes as a result of the Vatican's growing number of "miracles" that are reported all over the world, "miracles" whose verification would need Catholic clergy in the opinion of the supreme authority. So those who claim to have visions, which shows the stigmata or say can do or have witnessed divine miracles will have to go through genuine "gauntlet" before receiving an official confirmation. A whole army of psychologists, theologians and even scientists atheists try to prove false miracles before they can be recognized by the Church. The final test will consist of a series of meetings with several Vatican exorcists who shall ensure that, indeed, miracles are in accordance with the doctrines of the church, and not a work of the devil.

Medieval Inquisition emerged as a reaction to the attitude of the masses vis-a-vis Christianity, in particular the Cathars and valdensienilor sect. The torture began to be used after the year 1252. Who authorized the use of torture was Pope Innocent IV, by a papal edict known as Ad exstirpanda, but the decree forbade bloodshed, mutilation or death. Since 1908, the name was changed to organization Inquisition Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, as of 1965 it has become the Congregation of the Doctrine pro Fidei (CDF).


The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184-1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition was established in response to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in southern France and northern Italy. These were the first inquisition movements of many that would follow.
The Cathars were first noted in the 1140s in southern France, and the Waldensians around 1170 in northern Italy. Individual "Heretics", such as Peter of Bruis, had often challenged the Church. However, the Cathars were the first mass heretical organization in the second millennium that posed a serious threat to the authority of the Church. This article covers only these early inquisitions, not the Roman Inquisition of the 16th century onwards, or the somewhat different phenomenon of the Spanish Inquisition (late 15th century), which was under the control of the Spanish monarchy using local clergy. The Portuguese Inquisition (16th century) and various colonial branches followed the same pattern.
 

Sursa: The Independent