Marssoilcontains about2%water,and thisdiscovery opensnew perspectivesfor futureexploration missions"red planet"mannedon board,according to a surveyona sampleofAmericanroverCuriosity, according to AFP.
"One
of the most spectacular results of the study conducted on the first
sample analyzed by Curiosity refers to the high percentage of water in
the Martian soil , which is about 2 %," said Laurie Leshin , researchers
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the U.S. state of New York , co-author of the study published in the American journal Science. The
sample - which has been heated to a temperature of 835 ° C - a
significant percentage of released carbon dioxide (CO2 ) , oxygen and
sulfur compounds , however, the water gas was the most abundant element ,
said U.S. researcher . Future
astronauts could extract approximately one liter of water in a volume
of 0.03 cubic meters of sand that Martian , and " that means a lot ,"
says Laurie Leshin . "Until
now , Mars was seen - outside its polar regions - like a desert , and
although this is a considerably smaller proportion of water than that
found in a terrestrial soil sample is a substantial amount and is an
important resource " for future explorers " red planet , " she explained. "
This water is found almost everywhere on Mars soil surface under your
feet if you were an astronaut . 's Enough to warm the soil than to get
water," American researcher dezvăuit . "
Mars is covered with a layer of sand as a mixture and moving all over
the planet in the frequent dust storms , and , therefore , a sample of
the soil contains a collection of all rock microscopic and non Mars helps to make a good idea of the Martian surface as a whole , "he said. Water is abundant on Mars in the form of ice in the polar regions . In 2003, the European probe Mars Express orbiting the planet , confirmed the presence of water ice in the south polar cap . Shortly
thereafter, the same probe revealed the presence of a layer of
permafrost around the north pole , which extends over an area of
several hundred square kilometers. In
addition to analysis of Martian soil gas , the other four tests
performed with other instruments onboard Curiosity robot were published
Thursday in the journal Science. These results help scientists better understand the nature and structure of Martian soil and water role . Arrived
in the equatorial region of Mars Gale Crater on August 6, 2012 ,
Curiosity , the most sophisticated robot explorer , six -wheeled people
ever sent to another planet , has already shown that " red planet " was
favorable to microbial life her distant past , this being the main objective of his mission . A
study published last week but it worked like a cold shower for
scientists hope to find life forms present on Mars rover Curiosity has
since found no trace of methane in the Martian atmosphere . In
recent weeks, the rover resumed its journey to Mount Sharp , at a
distance of eight kilometers , the main target of exploration of its
mission which will last two years. His
journey will take several months , especially with how Curiosity will
stop on his way to analyze many interesting formations geologically . Base
Mount Sharp presents great interest to scientists because of its
different sedimentary layers , which could help the scientists at NASA
to date the periods during which Mars was a habitable planet .
BBC
News reports that , for the first time in history, a fusion reaction
produced mAtunci when our descendants will look to the past for 2013, it
is possible that the events that took place at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory in the U.S. to be the remaining recorded in history.Researchers
in the laboratory located in California have achieved unprecedented
success in the history of nuclear fusion , passing a crucial milestone .
BBC News reports that , for the first time in history, a fusion reaction produced more energy than it consumed .
Using
fusion - the process that powers the sun - to get electricity could
offer mankind an unlimited and inexpensive energy source . To
achieve this, however, requires that power plants based on fusion to
produce more energy than it consumes , which was difficult.Scientists
at the National Ignition Facility ( NIF) in the U.S. have used 192
bundles of the world's most powerful laser to heat and compress a tiny
hydrogen fuel to the point where nuclear fusion reactions occur . BBChas learned thatin an experimentthat took placeat the endof September, the amountof energy released bythe fusion reactionhas exceededthe amount of energyabsorbed by thefuel-isthe first timethis ismanagedin adedicatedlaboratoryfusion.
Notachievesuccesslaboratory, that of "fire" in which nuclear fusiongeneratesas muchenergyas it provideslasers. Thisdatoreaază"inefficiency" over differentparts ofthe system, theinefficienciesthat arenotall the energygenerated by thelaserto reachthehydrogenfuel In 2009,NIFofficialsannounced plans todemonstrate thatfusioncanproduce moreenergy by30 September 2012.However, due to unexpectedtechnical problems, the deadline has been exceededand the energygenerated by themerger wasless than halfthan whatthe mathematical modelspredicted.
Shortly after thefailure,labworth$ 3.5 billionshifted, reducing the time dedicatedmergerand increasingtime spentonnuclear weaponsresearch, another objective of the institutionamericane.Totuşi, the latestexperimentsconfirmmathematical modelsandwill be astimulatingresearch onnuclear fusion. NIF, at theLawrenceLivermore NationalLaboratory,is oneof the projectsdedicatedmerger.Another projectworth severalbillion isITER, which is currently under construction inCadarache, France.
It might betime to say"goodbye"BigBangTheory.A team ofcosmologistsspeculatethat the universewas formed fromdebrisejectedwhen afour-dimensionalstarcollapsedintoa black hole.This newscenariopostulated byresearcherswould explain whythe cosmosseemsto be souniformin all directions.
StandardBigBangmodelstatesthat the Universeexplodedfromaninfinitelydensesingularityknown.However,no one knows whatwould have causedthisexplosion:the known lawsof physicscan not tell uswhat happened inthat time."From the pointof view ofcurrent knowledgeof physics, theyflyanddragonssingularity" commentsNiayeshAfshordi, an astrophysicistat thePerimeterInstitute forTheoreticalPhysicsinWaterloo, Canada.
Thecurrent modelis difficult to explainsuchaviolentBigBangmanaged toleavebehind auniverse thatisalmostcompletelyuniformtemperature, because thereseems to havebeen long enoughto"cosmicbirth"to reach thepointthebalanceof thetemperature.
For mostcosmologists,the most plausibleexplanation for thisuniformitywould be thatafter thebeginning of time,anunknown formof energymade theuniverseyoungto"swell"at a speedgreater than thespeed of light.In this way,a small pieceaboutthe same temperaturewouldbe stretched, makingvastcosmoswe seetoday.However,Ashfordpoints out that"Big Bangwasso chaoticthat it is notclearwhere they couldbe founda small pieceandallowingthe onset ofhomogeneousinflationprocess."
In a newstudypublished onarXiv,Ashfordand his colleaguesare studyinga proposal madein 2000by a teamwhere he wasandGiaDvali, a physicistworkingtoday atLudwigMaximiliansUniversityinMunich, Germany.Inthe 2000proposal,our Universethree-dimensional (3D)isa membrane thatfloatsthrough a"bulkuniverse"which has fourspatial dimensions.
Researchers led byAshfordrealized thatif theuniversewould containits ownstarbulk4D(four-dimensional),some couldcollapse, forming4Dblack holesasmassive starsin our Universe:explodingassupernovae,hurlingforcethe outer layersandinner layerscolapsândintoa black hole.
Inour universe,a black holeis bounded byaspherical surfacecalled the "event horizon".Ifordinarythree-dimensionalspacerequires atwo-dimensionalobject(a surface) to createa"border"into the black hole,the"universebulk"event horizonofa black hole4Dasa 3D object-a form thathipersferăcalled.Whenresearchersled byAshforddeathof a starshaped4D, they foundthat theejectedmaterialwould forma membranethat surrounds theevent horizon3D3Dandextendsslowly.
The authorspostulatethat the3Duniversein which we livecould be justsuch amembrane-and that wedetectmembranedevelopmentascosmic expansion."Astronomers havemeasuredtheexpansionandextrapolatedfrom itthat the universebegan with aBigBang-but that's justa mirage," saidAfshordi. Model devised by Afshordi naturally explains the uniformity of our universe . Since
the bulk 4D universe could have been infinite time period would have
been enough time different parts of the universe 4D to achieve a balance
, which is inherited from our 3D universe . Afshordi 's model has some problems , though. Earlier
this year, the Planck space observatory has released data that
cartographers small temperature fluctuations in the cosmic background
radiation - radiation ancient prints bearing the first moments of the
universe. Fluctuations
confirmed classical Big Bang model predictions of inflation theory ,
but Afshordi proposed model deviates from the Planck observations by
about 4% . Hoping to resolve discrepancies , Afshordi states that are working on refining the model. Despite this mismatch , Dvali praise ingenious way in which researchers were able to quit Big Bang model . "
Singularity is the fundamental problem of cosmology , and these
researchers rewrite history so that there is no singularity ," says
physicist . Although
Planck observatory results ' show that inflation theory is correct " ,
they do not provide an answer to the question " how inflation took place
, "says Dvali . This
study may help to demonstrate that inflation was activated by the
movement of the universe through another reality with more dimensions ,
Dvali concludes .
Alunar probelaunched byNASAon September 6, managedto placein orbit aroundthe Earth's naturalsatellite,despitethe smooth functioning ofoperations andmissionslaunched byU.S. space agencyis seriouslyaffected by thefederalbudgetin the country.
According to Reuters, the probeLunarAtmosphereand DustEnvironmentExplorer(Boxes) was launchedon September 6,with asmallrocket, placediton ahighlyelliptical orbitaround the Earth. Having
made three revolutions around the Earth , Lade was Sunday in the
ideal position to start the engine and propulsion reversed , with which
managed to reach an area where gravity could be attracted to the Moon
and then placed in lunar orbit . Synchronization operations was not ideal . Budget
crisis that partially blocked the functioning of the U.S. government
made about 97 % of the total staff of about 18,000 employees whom NASA
has not worked in this zile.Însă among the 3% who could still have been
working Boxes
and mission controllers who monitored the difficult maneuver to place
the probe in lunar orbit , said the mission coordinator , Greg Delory , a
researcher at Ames Research Center in Moffett Field , California. Over
the next two weeks, the boxes will adjust the orbit to position
themselves at a distance of 155 miles ( 249.4 km ) of the lunar surface ,
considered an ideal distance to study gases surrounding the Earth's
natural satellite and dust electric charge on the lunar surface . U.S.
government budget crisis should not prevent a review of laser
communication system that is endowed probe boxes planned for later this
month , said Greg Delory .
Last week,NASAreturnedto workteamsprepare a new andprobethe Martian, whoselaunch isscheduled forNovember 18.
Francis
Crick , Nobel Prize winner for discovering the molecular structure of
DNA, made waves in 1994 with the publication of his book "The
Astonishing Hypothesis " , in which she argued that the soul is an
illusion perpetuated only by our faith in it. The
scientist gave a hard news reader from the first line : "' You ,' your
joys and sorrows , your memories and your ambitions , sense of personal
identity and free will - all these are nothing more than the behavior of
a huge number of nerve cells and their associated molecules . " In
the two decades elapsed since the publication of this book , science
has made many advances in the fields of neuroscience that allow the
evaluation of evidence proving the existence of disputes or soul
philosopher Stephen Cave concept which states that it is "the most important idea in the history of mankind. Cave writes in the book " Immortality " soul hypothesis that has always relied on evidence . "If
people who believed in the resurrection was based solely on faith in
God's ability to commit an act of miraculous faith in the soul always
relied on reason . Ancient
Greek philosophers accept the idea of the soul because I think that is
the best explanation for a number of empirical phenomena , "said the
philosopher . What are the items that were based philosophies that have adopted the idea of the soul? Cave identifies three . First , the difference between living things and who are not live . For
the wise men of many cultures, including those of ancient Greece , it
is clear that living things had an additional component which gave them
vitality absent in rocks or water . This " animating principle " was assimilated soul. The
second element was the conscience - that some living beings are not
only capable of movement and development, but also to think, to imagine
and believe in different things. Since
there is a huge difference between the material things are measurable
and visible, and the realm of ideas that exist only in our minds, wise
minds felt different from other things that exist and that requires
special explanation - the soul . The
third element is something esoteric : that some children in India have
memories of " past lives " is considered by many a proof that the soul
moves from one incarnation to another , while others believe that "
ghosts " and other appearances unexplained is evidence of the spirit and its survival after death of the body . These three arguments are as compelling today as they were now 2,000 , 200 or even 20 years . Regarding
the first sentence - that of " animating principle " - science has
shown not need it to explain the existence of life . Scientific
discoveries about how life works , from organisms to the organs , cells
and DNA identified by Francis Crick admits of no spiritual substance . So the first argument for the existence of ancient soul can be ranked . The third argument , based on the ghosts and other unexplained appearance , it is also worth to be put aside . Those who have tried to investigate these events have always been disappointed. Rarely
these events continue to be valid after a thorough analysis , and in
cases where it is not fraud or pure invention , other explanations for
events are usually at least as plausible as the existence of a spiritual
world version . Society
for psychical Research Organization , founded in London in 1882 to
study paranormal phenomena , failed to find in over 100 research no
compelling evidence to prove the existence of any supernatural
happenings
However,
it is worth mentioning a source of alleged " supernatural evidence "
for the soul : the so- called " body experiences ." A
typical case of a body experiences is , for example, when a patient 's
heart stops for a moment , and this charge as it leaves the body and how
the above or have the feeling that through a tunnel of light . These remarkable experiences disturbs his people , leading them to strengthen their religious beliefs . However, scientific experiments have shown that experiences can be induced by certain drugs and brain stimulating electrodes . The
researchers also sought to test whether people really see his body
outside by placing signs in operating rooms that could be perceived only
from a point above the patient , but so far there were no evidence for hypothesis that people leave their bodily limits . To
conclude that the existence of souls is truly the best explanation for
extracorporeal experiences , we would need first to have a plausible
definition of what is really soul and how he manages to survive the
body. Given the evidence unclear without a strong theory of the soul we prefer a naturalistic explanation . Thus , we come to the second argument: soul mind. Although many people believe that contemporary soul there , when asked what is this , many offer vague descriptions . If
the soul is, however , the vehicle can give people immortality , then
it must contain a fundamental essence - the true "I" - as if it survives
the death of the body to know that we continue to exist . In the West, the " real me" is assimilated to mind - that is, the conscious part that thinks, feels , remembers and dreams . When
hovering over our dead body or when we get to heaven , we expect to
perceive these experiences consciously and benefit from our memories and
beliefs intact. In
other words , the essence of the arguments that advocates a " immortal
soul " is based on the idea that the mind is independent of body and
dependent on a spiritual essence that can survive bodily death . Conversely,
if the mind is entirely dependent on the body , then we can conclude
that the mind goes when we die , and in this case there is nothing left
of us worthy of the name " soul" . So
the key question regarding the existence of the soul is where the mind (
or consciousness ) can continue to exist without the body or as a
friend said skeptical of Socrates , or it ceases to exist after the
disappearance of the body as the music of harps stop destroying the harp . What evidence say ?
Soul
doctrine dates from a period before the discoveries of science , the
philosophers believed that the brain is only a cooling mechanism of the
blood. The
human body was seen as an unreliable structure , a building made of
clay hastily gods, so it seemed hard to believe that this matter could
be responsible for memory treasures for creative thinking and deep
mystery of religious feelings . Therefore,
the sages of that time believed that it is more reasonable that the
glory of the human mind is the assigning of the soul, the divine spark ,
not that strange organ of our skulls . However, even some ancient thinkers were skeptical about the fact that the mind would survive the body. As science and medicine have progressed , have increased the evidence for a close link between mind and brain. Voltaire
said that you can not stop laughing when you hear someone saying that a
person's mental faculties can survive brain assertion is not very
popular in France in 1730 years . In
a text published after his death, Voltaire wrote that " as God has
linked the ability to have ideas part of the brain , he can keep this
faculty only preserving this part of the brain , to preserve this
faculty without the brain is laughter as impossible as preserving a man or a bird or bird after the man's death . "
Initially, the most compelling evidence proving reliance mind brain were provided by people who have suffered brain injuries . Probably
the best known case is that of Phineas Gage , a foreman on a
construction crew in Vermont you dig the rock route for future railway
lines . A
large chunk of the front of his brain , left frontal lobe was destroyed
in 1848 when a rod of iron by his cheek after an explosion and went out
through the top of the skull , landing 25 meters away. By staggering , Gage survived and recovered from the accident . Doctors at the time were surprised to discover, after it has healed, that Phineas suffered a remarkable change of personality. If
before the accident he was a responsible and respected worker , he
later became " moody ", " moody " and unable to keep a job . So
a localized brain injury a shift in the moral character of Gage , part
of the personality of many consider it a part of the soul . Even if there are not enough details about Gage 's case to draw a firm conclusion , we are forced to use only this event . In
years passed since the freak accident medicine progressed , increasing
the survival rate of people with brain injuries , and science has become
more efficient in studying these cases. Data
accumulated over time show how different regions of the brain injury
leads to removal or radical change of some key aspects of the mind. Today
, the literature documenting how different brain damage can destroy a
person's emotional ability , memory , creativity , language , ability to
process different senses or , as happened to Gage , respect for social
norms and decision-making . All these examples are qualities that were previously attributed to the soul. Therefore,
those who believe in the soul were part of a challenge if they think
that the soul can preserve these skills after the destruction of the
brain , after death, they must explain why they can preserve the soul is
destroyed only when portion of the brain. To clarify this contradiction we can take the example of sight . Thus, if the optic nerves in the brain are injured seriously , we can not see . This shows that sight is dependent on optic nerve function. However,
when people imagine that their soul leaves the body , they imagine that
they will be able to see further , for example, imagines that his body
watching their own funeral . In other words , they believe that their soul is immaterial faculty of sight . But
if the soul can see when the brain and body have stopped working , you
just can not see where the optic nerves have stopped working ? In other words, if people have a blind soul who can see you are blind ?
There
is no satisfactory answer to this question , and some scholars (such as
St. Thomas Aquinas ) accepted that a disembodied soul can not see ,
because sight is a property of a body and a brain with eyes and optic
nerve function. But
now science has shown that as optic nerve injury destroys the sense of
sight , damage to other parts of the brain leads to the destruction of
faculties such as memory and reasoning . Increasingly
more evidence suggests that all aspects of the human mind and
personality are dependent on some level of the brain. Thus,
just as if blind , we can ask about a person with certain brain
injuries that can not think rationally or feel emotions : if it has a
rational soul can think and feel emotions , you can do these things? What stands in the way of harm partial destruction of the entire brain and soul if the human body can not it stop ?
For a long time , those who wanted to study the brain were limited to rare cases like that of Phineas Gage . In
recent decades, however , advances in technology led to the development
of new devices that have revolutionized neuroscience : devices that can
produce images of the human brain during operation. Neuroimaging
techniques , as they are called , allow researchers to study the
correlations between thinking (apparently immeasurable ) and measurable
aspects of physical matter that makes up the brain . In
laboratories around the world can see live how different parts of the
brain become active when deployed usual mental activities such as
mother's face to remember or to imagine it playing football. The results of these experiments show that every mental process is accompanied by a cerebral process . More
worrying for the soul hypothesis is that these studies show that the
brain processes begins even before the conscious mind to perceive . In
other words, a scientist who monitors your brain activity may find that
you have taken a decision (left or right , tea or coffee , etc. . )
Prior to acknowledge . If " true self " as a conscious soul , it would not make sense . Conversely, if the mind is the product of a physical brain , then this is perfectly normal. In
fact , we all are aware of the close connection between brain and mind:
alcohol , for example , we get drunk , so we affecting risk attitudes ,
social norms and changing to us other aspects of personality . However,
the alcohol is a natural substance , if our minds heart depends on a
non- material, which may be so changed by a certain molecule of carbon ,
hydrogen and oxygen ? We also know that a cup of coffee (not to mention drugs like heroin or cocaine ) changes our mental states . Moreover, even the water in the body can affect personality . Neuroscience and biology offer more explanation for these intimate connection between mind , body and brain. Antonio
Damasio , one of the most renowned specialists in neuroscience in the
world, offering the example illustrates this connection hunger. "
A few hours after a meal, blood sugar drops and neurons in the
hypothalamus detects this change , the activation pattern in this case
is relevant brain to alter body condition so as to change the situation .
You feel hungry and work to stop hunger , "writes researcher . Some of the actions we will take to stop hunger may be unconscious like that reach out as a pretzel . Others may be aware of , such as that decide to choose something from the menu of a restaurant or cook a recipe. These
mental processes are , however, only one element of a wider loops
biochemical activity that began with a glucose decrease . Besides,
what happens when our blood sugar drops and clearly illustrates the
link between mental and physical : first, we start to feel anxious and
become irritable and concentration ability decreases. As you know very well diabetes if blood sugar drops and more, become belligerents , the emotionally unstable and confused . If hunger is greatly extended in a moment become apathetic and depressed . All
these are significant changes in personality - the part of the " self "
that is supposed to keep the soul - caused by chemical changes that
occur in the brain and body. Thus,
under the careful analysis of modern science, ancient distinction
between mental and physical disappears, and our thoughts and emotions
shown rooted in biology. The progress of modern science allows us to appreciate the true splendor of the human brain. Every
man has his skull about 100 billion neurons , and each of them has on
average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. So
it is not surprising that we can not imagine how the brain produces the
mind , because such complexity is beyond human imagination . Specialists
in neuroscience AFIM that is not an exaggeration when we say that the
human brain is the most complex thing in the universe discovered so far .
If
this extremely complicated system that includes trillions of
connections, do not produce the mind, then we can ask what role does .
So , the idea that human personality could survive death of the body seems impossible to believe. This does not mean that researchers have managed to decipher the mysteries of mind and brain ; far . Neuroscience is still in its infancy , and the mind and the brain holds many mysteries still undeciphered . It
is even possible that people do not ever discover how the brain creates
the mind, but all the evidence accumulated so far shows that the mind
is entirely dependent on the brain. The
situation is summarized excellent psychologist Jesse Bering : "The mind
is what the brain occurs , the brain ceases to function when we die
therefore subjective feeling that the mind survives death is a
psychological illusion operating in the brains of living." As we learn more about us , the less surprising that we do not have souls. We
humans have evolved over billions of years from simple creatures that
had no mental life - and before this time the elements which were not
even creatures . Each of us arises from physical contact of a sperm and an egg cell and the cell is growing . Mental life is constantly appears closely linked to body condition . Moreover,
the best modern theories about consciousness argue that the mind is
just a physical representation of an organization makes about itself and
its environment to help them survive in a complex world full of
physical hazards . The
evidence accumulated so far scientists tell us , however, that this
complex brain that produces everything - emotions , art, thought,
religion - it is more stunning than the simple soul posited by Plato and
theologians .
Who would believe that the richest man in history (much richer than Bill Gates or Carlos Slim ) lived over 600 years ago ?Moreover
, it was a black man and he reigned in Black Africa without ever knew
that in his lifetime became the man in the planet. It's about the First Mansa Musa , ruler of Mali and ruler who had more gold than any contemporary European kings with him.
Forgotten Africa Remained
under the dust of history for centuries, sub-Saharan Africa was formed
into a special world, highly diversified and advanced in many ways
unexpected . Unlike
in Europe , North Africa and Asia , sub- Saharan Africa has never been
united under one or more monotheistic religions state or a huge empire . Some
human societies African features not present a unitary state , but
rather coalesced around a prince or ruling families , who still
exercised central authority over their subjects. The very act of rule over such companies do not behave the goals and obligations of a European monarch . African
tribes and tribal confederations had large armies or ambitious
construction projects and large-scale political organization . In this world there were not even proper conditions of organized long-distance trade with people in other parts of the world . As
we know, the Silk Road has avoided tropical Africa and the vastness of
the Sahara for centuries off the African contact with Europe and Asia. Traditional Map of Africa
However, not all African human populations at that time were at a level of strict tribal organization . Some of them have established empires with nothing less than their contemporary . From an economic perspective, North Continenutului Black was already integrated Mediterranean trade and the Arab world . Instead, the Africa below the Sahara was could not be more different. The savings here were some of subsistence, and sometimes just local , regional . Most African populations had the same animistic belief system . It was their religious universe . People believed in a world controlled by spirits and gods. Ancestor worship was also very important . With the spread of Islam in North Africa remained still some pockets of Christianity in the area. After all , Christianity penetrated here long before Islam. Egypt , Nubia and Ethiopia ( then known as the Aksum ) had strong Christian communities had important links with Byzantium . Surrounded
by Muslim and animist , Christian communities were isolated itself in
the Ethiopian highlands where they successfully survived over time and
created a culture of its own , mainly characterized by fabulous churches
carved into the rock .
Golden age ofAfricankingdoms
South of theSaharaoccurredso calledAfricankingdomsgold. The largestandmost powerfulkingdoms ofMaliandGhanawere, who had the sameboundariesasmodern statesbearing thesame names, butsome withmuch larger.
Trans-Saharan tradewasrevolutionizedbetween3-5centuriesAD,PeintheBerbertribeswho introduceddromedarycamelin the region.Later,tradersin GhanaandMalihave created apath betweensaltresourcesof northerncontinentandhugedepositsof gold inthesub-Saharan Africa. Link totheintegratedsphere of influence ofthe Mediterranean world.
Supervision byGhanaian andMalinquicklycatapultedinto the role ofregionalgreat powerswhoquickly managedto havepowerfularmiesand buildsettlementsimpressive.
MosqueofDjenne
Afterthe 7th century, northernpartnersofAfricanswereMuslims. At the beginningIslamwasa religiontoleratedin the region,to the beginning ofthe 11th century, almostall the kingsofGhanaandMalihad convertedto the religion ofProphetMuhammad. However,Islamrejectsthe general population, although the kingsunderstoodthe economic benefits oftoleratingIslam, given that thisputthemidealrelationswith trading partnersin the North.
Ghanaroyaldynastyofthegolden period, came from Soninkeclan, whose powerdepended oncenturies ofhugequantitiesof goldin their possession.
AncientmanuscriptsfromTimbuktu
By
royal decree , Soninke kings of the house had the right of possession
of any gold nuggets discovered , while the population was allowed to
keep her gold dust .
This unique form of taxation of the population has consolidated his power for centuries.The situation was to change around 1200 , when the Malinke clan leader defied the authority of the Soninke families . The famous king Sundiata Keita ( Prince Leo ) Malinke , Soninke defeated and conquered kingdom with Mali Empire .The story , is currently the largest West African fiction , some commentators considered it a real King Arthur of Africa . King
Sundiata was to be the grandfather's brother who became , as all
historians and statisticians richest man who has lived on this planet ,
King Mansa Musa ! King of the world's gold Mansa
Musa , meaning King of Kings , the local dialects, came to power in
1312 over the Mali Empire , which stretched then Mali 's territory ,
Ghana , Senegal, Sudan and Nigeria today. When
Musa took power , Mali Empire already control the trade routes linking
northern and southern high in salt rich in gold deposits . Conqueror
skillful , Mansa Musa managed to occupy the territories crossed by the
River Niger , including in his empire and important orşe Timbuktu and
Gao . He led armies north to the city rich in salt Taghaza and east beyond city limits Gao to its territory Hausa tribes . Home of the famous Catalan Atlas of 1375 , representing King Mansa Musa with a gold nugget in hand.
Brilliant
strategist , he has occupied a part of Sudan and managed to impose his
whole empire within a highly effective legal system which provided very
harsh punishment for any act of violence and theft. The
system was so effective that the famous Muslim traveler Ibn Batuta ,
who crossed the Mali Empire to twelve years after the death of Musa ,
was stunned by that rule there everywhere. Making King had a strong commercial success that led to unprecedented prosperity for the empire . Like
all the kings who preceded him Musa was a Muslim , although it proved
to be an extremely tolerant in a historical period in which religious
tolerance was rare. The
vast majority of his subjects were faithful religious pantheon of
Mandinka tribes , which did not prevent the richest man in the world to
support their religion just as claimed and Islam . His pilgrimage to Mecca made history with unprecedented pomp and opulence . Its halt Cairo was one fabulous. Soon , news of the king black gold throw people without caring about their rank , spanned the Muslim area . When
his caravan arrived in Egypt , King Mansa Musa gave much gold lot of
people that caused the fall in the price of gold in the region. In Mecca and Medina , his gifts have destabilized the local economy. The influx of gold brought by Musa in the heart of Islam led to the depreciation of gold in the coming decades . Fire particularly generous , Musa offered to buy some of the gold gifted to balance local currencies . For the first time in history, one man had unwittingly control the price of gold throughout the Mediterranean . The
chroniclers described by all as the most powerful weather , luck,
wealth and feared African leader , enjoys deserved this status based on
its înţeleptelor choices in establishing trade and diplomatic relaţiilro
and because of huge gold deposits in the region at that time. Trade in gold , salt , ivory and kola nuts brought an unprecedented flowering ever in any African kingdom .Mali Empire was no longer a local authority but a regional one . Under King Mansa Musa of Mali ambassadors were sent to Morocco , Egypt , Syria, and Byzantium . Traditional writing the name of Allah in Arabic
He alsoordered the constructionof manymosques,andisdue tostartliftinghisbrickhousesinsub-SaharanAfrica. After his death, which occurredin 1331, MaliEmpiregraduallycollapsedundernumerouscivil warsandexternalattacks.
According to recent studiesbyhistorians andeconomists,MansaMusahas a fortuneof over$ 400 billion, which propels himon their firstamong therichest men inhistory.Torealize howrichwasthis man, you should know thatoccupantssecond place, onlylessfamousRothschildfamily, managed toaccumulatefrom1740to the present, the amount of 350billion dollars.
It wasMansaMusaandhis remarkableworks.AsAfricangoldking, it disappearedlong beforehis fameto reachthe courtsof Europe.